History of Brutalist Critical Regionalism Deconstructivism in Architecture Deconstructivist philosophy Contemporary art and 1988 MOMA exhibition De Stijl Futurist and Functionalism architecture
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Brutalist architecture

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Brutalist is an architectural style that spawned from the modernist architectural movement and which flourished from the 1950s to the 1970s. The early style was largely inspired by the work of Swiss architect, Le Corbusier (in particular his Unité d'Habitation building) and of Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The term originates from the French béton brut, or "raw concrete". Brutalist buildings are usually formed with striking blockish, geometric, and repetitive shapes, and often revealing the textures of the wooden forms used to shape the material, which is normally rough, unadorned poured concrete. Not all Brutalist buildings are formed from concrete. Instead, the building can achieve Brutalist quality through a rough, blocky appearance and the expression of its structural materials and forms and services on its exterior. Many of Alison and Peter Smithson's private houses are built from brick, and Richard Rogers & Renzo Piano's Centre Pompidou is often regarded as a Brutalist structure. Brutalist building materials can include brick, glass, steel, rough-hewn stone and gabion (also known as trapion).

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Brutalist as an architectural style was also associated with a social utopian ideology which tended to be supported by its designers, especially Alison and Peter Smithson, near the height of the style. The failure of positive communities to form early on in some Brutalist structures, possibly due to the larger processes of urban decay that set in after WWII (especially in the United Kingdom), led to the combined unpopularity of both the ideology and the architectural style.

Brutalist is related and similar to (and often confused with) the modernist, minimalist and internationalist styles of architecture. All of these styles make heavy use of repetition and regularity in their features, but Brutalist designs also often incorporate striking, abject irregularities as well.

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Another common theme in Brutalist designs is the exposition of the building's functions -- ranging from their structure and services to their actual human use -- in the exterior of the building. In other words, Brutalist style is "the celebration of concrete." In the Boston City Hall (illustration left), strikingly different and projected portions of the building indicate the special nature of the rooms behind those walls, such as the mayor's office or the city council chambers. From another perspective of this theme, the design of the Hunstanton School included placing the facility's water tank, a normally hidden service feature, in a prominently placed and visible tower.

Critics argue that this abstract nature of Brutalist makes the style unfriendly and uncommunicative, instead of integrating and protective as its proponents intended. For example, the location of the entrance of a Brutalist structure is rarely obvious to the visitor.

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Brutalist is also criticized as disregarding the social, historic, and architectural environment of its surroundings, making the introduction of such structures in existing developed areas appear very stark, out of place, and alien.

Architects associated with the brutalist style include Erno Goldfinger, husband-and-wife pairing Peter and Alison Smithson, and, to a lesser extent perhaps, Sir Denys Lasdun. Outside of Britain, Louis Kahn's government buildings in Asia and John Andrews's government and institutional structures in Australia exhibit the creative height of the style. Paul Rudolph is another noted Brutalist. More recent Modernists such as I.M. Pei and Tadao Ando have also designed notable brutalist works.
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Modernism and More History of Brutalist Critical Regionalism Deconstructivism in Architecture Deconstructivist philosophy Contemporary art and 1988 MOMA exhibition De Stijl Futurist and Functionalism architecture