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History of Brutalist
Brutalism gained large momentum in Britain during the middle 20th century, as economically depressed (and WWII-ravaged) communities sought inexpensive construction and design methods for low-cost housing, shopping centers, and government buildings. It should be noted, though, that many architects chose the Brutalist style even when they had large budgets, as they appreciated the 'honesty', the sculptural qualities and perhaps the uncompromising, anti-bourgeoisie, nature of the style. It has been suggested that the style was subconsciously based on the austere German gun turrets left littered along beaches after the second world war.
Combined with the socially progressive intentions behind brutalist "streets in the sky" housings like Corbusier's Unité, brutalism was promoted as a positive option for forward-moving, modern urban housing. In practice however, many of the buildings lacked many of the community-serving features of Corbusier's vision, and instead developed into claustrophobic, crime-ridden tenements (Robin Hood Gardens is a particularly notorious example). Some such buildings took decades to develop into positive communities. The rough coolness of concrete lost its appeal under a damp and gray northern sky, and its fortress-like material touted as vandalproof soon proved vulnerable to spray-can graffiti.spread of the renaissance stalinist architecture streaming media technologia teotihuacan
Brutalist designs were also often initially criticised as eyesores. The current Fodor's guide to London mentions the former Home Office building at 50 Queen Anne's Gate as "hulking." Because the style is essentially that of poured concrete it tends to be inexpensive to build and maintain (but very difficult to modify). However, in the case of Trellick Tower, the design has ultimately proved very popular with both tenants and owner-occupier residents. In time, many brutalist structures become appreciated as landmarks by their communities for their uniqueness and eye-catching appearance.In recent years, the bad memories of underserved brutalist community structures have led to their eager demolition to make way for newer, more traditionally oriented community structures. Despite a nascent modernist appreciation movement, and the identified success that some of this style's offspring have had, many others have been or are slated to be demolished.Brutalism has some severe critics, one of the most famous being Charles, Prince of Wales, whose speeches and writings on architecture have excoriated brutalism, calling many of the structures "piles of concrete." "You have to give credit to the Luftwaffe," he once said. "When they destroyed our skyline, they at least replaced it with just rubble." Much of the criticism comes not from the designs of the buildings, but rather from the fact that concrete facades don't age well in a cool, damp, cloudy climate such as northwestern Europe's, becoming streaked with water stains and sometimes even moss. In warmer desert climates, brutalist buildings are better preserved and in such places have often come to be regarded as works of art.teotihuacan civilization the architects collaborative the great michelangelo The Native Americans the revolt of the aztec
The architecture column of Private Eye, "Nooks and Corners", began life as "Nooks and Corners of the New Barbarism", with "new barbarism" clearly intended as a reference to "new brutalism". The column is sometimes cynical about modern architecture, but over the course of some four decades has been strongly critical of brutalism, especially in government-sponsored projects.Although the brutalist movement was largely dead by the mid-1980s, it has experienced an updating of sorts in recent years. Many of the style's rougher aspects have been softened in newer buildings, with concrete facades often being sandblasted to create a stone-like surface, covered in stucco, or composed of patterned pre-cast elements. Many modernist architects such as Steven Ehrlich, Ricardo Legorreta and Gin Wong have been doing just that in many of their recent projects. The firm of Victor Gruen and Associates has revamped the style for the many courthouse buildings it has been contracted to design. Architects from Latin America have been reviving the style on a smaller scale in recent years. Brutalism has recently experienced a major revival in Israel, due to the perceived sense of strength and security the style creates. With the development of LiTraCon — a form of translucent concrete — a new brutalist movement may be on the horizon.third planet timber framing trees video display standards American Indian
Even in Britain, where the style was most prevalent and later most reviled, a number of buildings have recently (as of 2006) appeared in an updated Brutalist style, including deRijke Marsh Morgan's 1 Centaur Street in Lambeth, London, and Elder & Cannon's The Icon in Glasgow in Scotland. The 2005 Stirling Prize shortlist contained a number of buildings (most notably Zaha Hadid's BMW factory and the eventual winner, Enric Miralles' Scottish Parliament) featuring significant amounts of exposed concrete, something that would be been regarded as aesthetically unacceptable when then prize was inaugurated nine years previously. There has also been a reappraisal of first-generation Brutalist architecture and a growing appreciation that dislike of the buildings often stems from poor maintenance and social problems resulting from poor management rather than the designs themselves. In 2005, Channel 4 ran a documentary, I Love Carbuncles which placed Brutalism in a more positive light. Some Brutalist buildings have been granted Listed status and others, such as Gillespie, Kidd and Coia's St. Peter's Seminary, named by Prospect magazine's survey of architects as Scotland's greatest post-war building, have been the subject of conservation campaigns. The Twentieth Century Society (ironically, headed by Gavin Stamp, a.k.a. "Nooks & Corners" columnist 'Piloti') has campaigned against the demolition of buildings such as the Tricorn Centre and Trinity Centre Multi-Storey Car Park.NTSC, SÉCAM, PAL classifying architecture creative arts Diesel-powered cars earrings
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