History of Brutalist Critical Regionalism Deconstructivism in Architecture Deconstructivist philosophy Contemporary art and 1988 MOMA exhibition De Stijl Futurist and Functionalism architecture
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Deconstructivist philosophy


The main channel of deconstructivist philosophy to architectural theory was through the philosopher Jacques Derrida to Peter Eisenman. Architect Peter Eisenman drew some philosophical bases from the literary movement Deconstruction, and collaborated directly with Derrida on projects including an architectural competition entry for the Parc de la Villette. This collaboration is documented in the book Chora l Works (Bernard Tschumi eventually won the competition). Both Derrida and Eisenman, as well as Daniel Libeskind were concerned with the "metaphysics of presence", and this is the main subject of deconstructivist philosophy in architecture theory. The dialectic of presence and absence, or solid and void occurs in much of Eisenman's built and unbuilt projects. Both Derrida and Eisenman believed that the locus, or place of presence, was architecture, and the same dialectic of presence and absence was found in construction and deconstruction.

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According to Derrida, readings of texts are best carried out when working with classical narrative structures. Any architectural deconstruction requires the existence of a particular archetypal construction, a strongly-establish conventional expectation to play flexibly against. The design of Frank Gehry’s own Santa Monica residence, (from 1978), has been cited as a prototypical variation on a standard theme: beginning with an ordinary house in an ordinary neighborhood, Gehry altered its massing, spatial envelopes, planes and other expectations in a playful subversion. The result looks a lot like Deconstruction.

Constructivism and Russian Futurism

Another major current in deconstructivist architecture takes inspiration from the Russian Constructivist and Futurist movements of the early twentieth century, both in their graphics and in their visionary architecture, little of which was actually constructed.

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Artists Naum Gabo, El Lissitzky, Kazimir Malevich, and Alexander Rodchenko, have greatly influenced deconstructivist architects such as Zaha Hadid and Coop Himmelb(l)au with their graphic sense of geometric forms. Both Deconstructivism and Constructivism were concerned with the tectonics of making an abstract assemblage. Both were concerned with the radical simplicity of geometry, expressing forms in graphics, sculpture and architecture as the primary artistic content. The Constructivist tendency toward purism, though, is absent in Deconstructivism, as form is often deformed when construction is deconstructed. Also lessened or absent in deconstructivism is the advocacy of socialist and collectivist causes, propaganda for which informed constructivism.

The primary graphic motifs of constructivism were the rectangular bar and the triangular wedge. In his series Prouns, El Lizzitsky assembled collections of these at various angles floating free in space. They evoke basic structural units such as bars of steel or sawn lumber loosely attached, piled, or scattered. A similar composition returns in the series Micromegas by Daniel Libeskind.

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The symbolic breakdown of the wall effected by introducing the Constructivist motifs of tilted and crossed bars sets up a subversion of the walls that define the bar itself. ...This apparent chaos actually constructs the walls that define the bar; it is the structure. The internal disorder produces the bar while splitting it even as gashes open up along its length. Constructivist architects Ivan Leonidov, Konstantin Melnikov, Alexander Vesnin and Vladimir Tatlin with their raw structuralism have also had an impact on deconstructivist architects, notably Rem Koolhaas. Their work, in final form, seems to embody the process of construction. They finalize the temporary and transitional aspects of building sites, the scaffolds and cranes necessary for buildings of large scope. El Lissitzky's Das Wolkenbügel, like cranes connected and made habitable, is a good precedent for Koolhaas' China Central Television tower. Koolhaas also takes after Ivan Leonidov in an architecture that seems like a perennial construction site.

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Modernism and More History of Brutalist Critical Regionalism Deconstructivism in Architecture Deconstructivist philosophy Contemporary art and 1988 MOMA exhibition De Stijl Futurist and Functionalism architecture